1. Interviewed in The Independent by J. Landale, 20 May 1992.
2. N. Kliot & S. Waterman, 1983, Pluralism and Political Geography, Croom Helm, London, p1.
3. The opposing view, that pluralism is in fact a product of nationalism, is advanced by C. Young, 1976, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp23-24.
4. A.D. Smith, 1991, National Identity, Penguin, London, p vii.
5. Ibid, p14.
6. T. Nairn, 1977, The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism, New Left Books, London, p106.
7. B. Anderson (1991, Imagined Communities, 2nd edition, Verso, London) argues that nations are in fact ‘imagined', and other theorists stress the importance of myth and shared history, such as Kedourie and Gellner (below).
8. E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (eds), 1983, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
9. S. Ashman, Their history - and ours, in Socialist Worker newspaper, 10 October 1992.
10. B. Goodwin, 1992, Using Political Ideas, 3rd edition, John Wiley, Chichester, p201.
11. Smith, National Identity, op cit, p74.
12. E. Kedourie, 1966, Nationalism, 3rd edition, Hutchinson, London, p74.
13. Goodwin, Using Political Ideas, op cit, p206.
14. E. Gellner, 1983, Nations and Nationalism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, p44.
15. Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain, op cit, p105.
16. H. MacDiarmid, 1968, Scotland, in O.D. Edwards, G. Evans, I. Rhys & H. MacDiarmid, Celtic Nationalism, Routledge, London, p310.
17. Such as Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary.
18. Accessible accounts of Scottish history are available in A. Fisher, 1990, A Traveller's History of Scotland, Howard House, London; and in Sir R. Coupland, 1954, Welsh and Scottish Nationalism, Collins, London, particularly chapters 3, 6 & 9.
19. S. Hall, 1992, The Question of Cultural Identity, in S. Hall, D. Held & T. McGrew (eds), Modernity and its Futures, Polity, Cambridge.
20. C. McArthur, 1986, The dialectic of national identity: The Glasgow Empire Exhibition of 1938, in T. Bennett, C. Mercer & J. Woollacott (eds), Popular Culture and Social Relations, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, p117.
21. I. Spring, 1990, Phantom Village: The myth of the new Glasgow, Polygon, Edinburgh, p76.
22. Ibid.
23. A. Murray-Scott & I. Macleay, 1990, Britain's Secret War: Tartan Terrorism and the Anglo-American State, Mainstream, Edinburgh, p83.
24. J.G. Kellas, 1968, Modern Scotland: The Nation since 1870, Pall Mall, London, p71.
25. see C. Harvie, 1994, Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics, 1707-1994, Routledge, London.
26. K.M. Brown, 1992, Kingdom or Province? Scotland and the Regal Union, 1603-1715, MacMillan, Basingstoke, pp73-79.
27. R. Boyle, 1994, ‘We are Celtic supporters...': Questions of football and identity in modern Scotland, in R. Giulianotti (ed), Game Without Frontiers, Ashgate, Aldershot, p90.
28. ‘... the free profession and practice of religion must be guaranteed to every citizen', Statement of Aim and Policy of the Scottish National Party, 1946, Appendix in H. Hanham, 1969, Scottish Nationalism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass, pp215-216.
29. G. Walker & T. Gallagher (eds), 1990, Sermons and Battle Hymns: Protestant Popular Culture in Modern Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, p2 & p5.
30. Ibid, chapter 10.
31. Kellas, Modern Scotland, op cit, p71.
32. Quoted in A. Marr, 1992, The Battle For Scotland, Penguin, London, p217.
33. G. Walker, ‘There's not a team like the Glasgow Rangers': football and religious identity in Scotland, in Walker & Gallagher, Sermons and Battle Hymns, op cit, p156.
34. Boyle, We are Celtic supporters, op cit, p84; and Spring, Phantom Village, op cit, p89.
35. Walker, ‘There's not a team like the Glasgow Rangers', op cit.
36. C. Nawart & S. Hutchings, 1995, The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football, Hamlyn, London, p22.
37. At a Glenavon v. Cliftonville match in 1991, see L. Allison, 1993, The Changing Politics of Sport, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
38. M.J. Esman, 1975, Scottish Nationalism, North Sea Oil and the British Response, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
39. Boyle, We are Celtic supporters, op cit, pp87-89.
40. Bill, 20, interviewed in Boyle, ibid, p86.
41. Ibid, p86.
42. For example, the recent Hollywood releases of Braveheart, about the life of William Wallace, and Rob Roy, both of which concentrate on a romantic historical notion of rural Scottishness.
43. See D. McCrone, 1995, Scotland The Brand: The Manufacturing of Scottish Heritage, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, chapter 4.
44. McArthur, The Dialectic of national identity, op cit, p133.
45. Helped by the Tourist Board, particularly the London Underground campaign contrasting the open spaces of the Highlands with the claustrophobia of the Tube - McCrone, Scotland The Brand, op cit, p79.
46. Esman, Scottish Nationalism, op cit, p61.
47. Marr, Battle for Scotland, op cit, pp28-29.
48. See Coupland, Welsh & Scottish Nationalism, op cit, pp271-281.
49. Esman, Scottish Nationalism, op cit, p16.
50. Ibid, p4.
51. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, op cit, p47.
52. A. McGrew, 1997, The Transformation of Democracy?, Polity, Cambridge, p115.
53. See A Woman's Claim Of Right In Scotland, 1991, Polygon, Edinburgh.
54. S. Maxwell, 1991, The Scottish Middle Class and the National Debate, in T. Gallagher (ed), Nationalism in the Nineties, Polygon, Edinburgh.
55. For example, a discussion of Scottish national identity 200 years ago would need not have considered the influence of the Irish Catholic identity in shaping Scottish national identity.
56. Hall, The Question of Cultural Identity, op cit, p292.
57. Kedourie, Nationalism, op cit, p69.
58. E. Hobsbawm, 1990, Nations and Nationalism since 1790, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p90.
59. Smith, National Identity, op cit, p143.
60. M.G.H. Pittock, 1991, The Invention of Scotland, Routledge, London, p73.
61. H. Trevor-Roper, The Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of Scotland, in Hobsbawm & Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition, op cit, p15.
62. Ibid.
63. McCrone, Scotland The Brand, op cit, chapter 4.
64. Anderson, Imagined Communities, op cit, chapter 10.
65. L. Donegan, ‘You take the high road', in The Guardian, 4 April 1998.
66. Ibid.
67. B. Purdie, The Lessons of Ireland for the SNP, in T. Gallagher (ed), Nationalism in the Nineties, op cit, p74.
68. For detailed discussion on the SNP, see T. Gallagher, ibid; and R. Levy, 1990, Scottish Nationalism at the Crossroads, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh.
69. Murray-Scott & Macleay, Britain's Secret War, op cit, p62.
70. For example, Catholics wary of a Protestant state - Boyle, We are Celtic supporters, op cit.
71. For example, the 1320 Club and Hugh MacDiarmid, see below.
72. Levy, Scottish Nationalism at the Crossroads, op cit, p35 & chapter 3.
73. Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain, op cit, p191.
74. Maxwell, in T. Gallagher, Nationalism in the Nineties, op cit, p126.
75. Hanham, Scottish Nationalism, op cit, p209.
76. Scottish National Party, Feb 1974, General Election Manifesto, Edinburgh, p3.
77. Scottish National Party, Aug 1974, Scotland's Future - The Manifesto of the Scottish National Party, Edinburgh, p11.
78. Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism, op cit, p190.
79. Scottish National Party, 1997, Yes We Can: The Manifesto of the SNP, Edinburgh.
80. I. Lindsay, The SNP and the Lure of Europe, in T. Gallagher, Nationalism in the Nineties, op cit, pp84-90.
81. Ibid, p87.
82. Murray-Scott & Macleay, Britain's Secret War, op cit.
83. Ibid, p29.
84. Hanham, Scottish Nationalism, op cit, p209.
85. Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain, op cit, pp166-167.
86. Quoted in MacDiarmid, Scotland, op cit, pp341-342.
87. Harvie, Scottish Nationalism, op cit, p181.
88. Murray-Scott & Macleay, Britain's Secret War, op cit, p59.
89. Hanham thought that this phenomenon was so relevant to Scottish nationalism that he devoted an entire chapter to it, Scottish Nationalism, op cit, chapter 6.
90. A. Giddens, 1994, Beyond Left and Right, Polity, Cambridge, p6.
91. J. Lloyd, Interview with Anthony Giddens, in the New Statesman, 10 January 1997.
92. Murray-Scott & Macleay, Britain's Secret War, op cit, p117.
93. See MacDiarmid, Scotland, op cit; and Fisher, A Traveller's History of Scotland, op cit.
94. Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain, op cit, p95.
95. K. Dunbar, interviewed in The Guardian, op cit.
96. Purdie, in T. Gallagher, Nationalism in the Nineties, op cit, p74.
97. J. Hodge, 1996, Shallow Grave & Trainspotting: the screenplays, Faber & Faber, London, p46.
98. Indeed, many languages have the same word for Britain and England.
99. McGrew, The Transformation of Democracy?, op cit, p7.
100. G. Dijkink, 1996, National Identity and Geopolitical Visions, Routledge, London, p145.
101. Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain, op cit, chapter 8.